📝 Grammar 3 — Direct & Indirect Speech (ପ୍ରତ୍ୟକ୍ଷ ଓ ପରୋକ୍ଷ ଉକ୍ତି): ନିୟମ ଓଡ଼ିଆରେ, ଉଦାହରଣ ସହ।
Grammar 3 — Direct & Indirect Speech (Narration)
📌 1. Direct vs Indirect
Direct Speech (ପ୍ରତ୍ୟକ୍ଷ): ବକ୍ତାର କଥା ଉଦ୍ଧୃତି ଚିହ୍ନ ("...") ମଧ୍ୟରେ — He said, "I am busy."
Indirect Speech (ପରୋକ୍ଷ): କଥାର ଅର୍ଥ ନିଜ ଭାଷାରେ — He said that he was busy.
🔄 2. ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ ନିୟମ (Direct → Indirect)
- ① Reporting verb: said → said ; said to → told। Inverted commas ("") ହଟାଅ।
- ② Conjunction: Assertive → that ; Interrogative → if/whether/wh-word ; Imperative → to + V1।
- ③ Pronoun: 1st person (I, we) → reporting subject ; 2nd person (you) → reporting object ; 3rd person ସମାନ।
- ④ Tense backshift: Present → Past, Past → Past Perfect (ଯଦି reporting verb past ରେ)।
🕐 3. Word Changes (ସମୟ/ସ୍ଥାନ ଶବ୍ଦ)
| Direct | Indirect |
|---|
| now → then · today → that day | tomorrow → the next day |
| yesterday → the previous day | ago → before |
| here → there · this → that | these → those · thus → so |
📋 4. Sentence Types
- Assertive: He said, "I am ill." → He said that he was ill.
- Interrogative: He said, "Are you happy?" → He asked if I was happy. (Wh: He said, "Where do you live?" → He asked where I lived.)
- Imperative: He said, "Open the door." → He ordered/told me to open the door. (request: requested to ; don't: not to)
- Exclamatory/Optative: He said, "What a nice day!" → He exclaimed with joy that it was a nice day.
🧠 ମନେରଖ: said to→told, ask→interrogative, order/request→imperative। Tense back (present→past)। now→then, here→there, today→that day, tomorrow→next day।
⭐ ପରୀକ୍ଷାରେ: ① Change direct↔indirect। ② Reporting verb (told/asked/ordered)। ③ Conjunction (that/if/to)। ④ Tense & word changes।