📝 Grammar 2 — Active & Passive Voice (କର୍ତୃବାଚ୍ୟ ଓ କର୍ମବାଚ୍ୟ): ନିୟମ ଓଡ଼ିଆରେ, tense-wise structure ଓ ଉଦାହରଣ ସହ।
Grammar 2 — Active & Passive Voice
📌 1. Voice କ'ଣ?
Active Voice (କର୍ତୃବାଚ୍ୟ): କର୍ତ୍ତା (subject) କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ କରେ — Ram eats a mango.
Passive Voice (କର୍ମବାଚ୍ୟ): କର୍ମ (object) ଉପରେ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ପଡ଼େ — A mango is eaten by Ram.
🔄 2. ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ ନିୟମ (Active → Passive)
- ① Active ର Object → Passive ର Subject ହୁଏ।
- ② Verb → be (is/am/are/was/were/been) + V3 (past participle) ହୁଏ।
- ③ Active ର Subject → by + object ହୁଏ (ଶେଷରେ)।
ଉଦା: Active: She writes a letter. → Passive: A letter is written by her. (she→her, writes→is written)।
📊 3. Tense-wise Passive Structure
| Tense | Active → Passive |
|---|
| Simple Present | eats → is/are eaten |
| Present Continuous | is eating → is being eaten |
| Present Perfect | has eaten → has been eaten |
| Simple Past | ate → was/were eaten |
| Past Continuous | was eating → was being eaten |
| Past Perfect | had eaten → had been eaten |
| Simple Future | will eat → will be eaten |
| Modal (can/must) | can eat → can be eaten |
❓ 4. ବିଶେଷ କ୍ଷେତ୍ର
- Imperative (ଆଦେଶ): Open the door. → Let the door be opened.
- Wh-question: Who broke it? → By whom was it broken?
- Object ନ ଥିଲେ (intransitive verb) passive ହୁଏ ନାହିଁ।
🧠 ମନେରଖ: Passive = be + V3 + by। Object↔Subject ବଦଳେ। Tense ସମାନ ରହେ (be ର ରୂପ ବଦଳେ)। Continuous=being+V3, Perfect=been+V3।
⭐ ପରୀକ୍ଷାରେ: ① Change active↔passive। ② be+V3 form ଠିକ୍ କର। ③ by+agent। ④ Imperative/question special rules।